This study estimated refinery water consumption for petroleum fuels by considering three typical refinery configurations cracking, light coking, and heavy coking that process different crude qualities e. Petroleum product an overview sciencedirect topics. Continuous catalytic reforming ccr is a chemical process that converts petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from lowoctane oil into highoctane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for highoctane gasoline. The main objective of catalytic reforming is to transform paraffins and naphthenes in naphtha to aromaticsrich products with as little ring opening or cracking as possible. This discussion does include isomerisation and reforming which are described in detail below. Catalytic reforming holds a key position in the overall operations of european petroleum refiners. Cracking and reforming of petroleum how to increase octane number of gasoline. Welcome to this online course on petroleum refining. Petroleum or crude oil is a complex, naturally occurring liquid mixture containing mostly. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. Cracking chemistry wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. In cracking furnaces, raw materials asuch as ethane, liquefied petroleum gas lpg, naphtha, atmospheric gas oil ago and hydrocracker residue are converted into ethylene and valuable byproducts. How do oil companies use cracking isomerisation and. Refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products.
Thermal cracking gives mixtures of products containing high proportions of. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction. In the fluid catalytic cracking process, the fine, powdery catalyst, typically zeolites, which. Natural gas petroleum industries free download as powerpoint presentation. Cracking, in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts.
All these processes involved reaction with carbon molecules to form other compounds. Catalytic cracking is the process of breaking down larger, heavier, and more complex hydrocarbon molecules into simpler and lighter molecules using a catalytic agent. Cracking is the name given to breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful bits. The overall welltoconsumer supply chain for petroleum products is often described as being segmented into three components shown graphically in figure 2. The demand for gasoline rapidly increased when the u. Us78307a apparatus for cracking and refining petroleum.
Catalysts include zeolite, aluminum hydrosilicate, bauxite and silicaalumina. The overall welltoconsumer supply chain for petroleum products is often. Other facilities such as asphalt plants, lubricant plants, upgraders and some petrochemical plants also process crude oil to produce a limited range of products. Difference between thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Catalytic cracking processes have evolved over the years, and are an exemplary display of che. It may be performed in three ways, thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking. Chemical processing how oil refining works howstuffworks. The purpose of this booklet, therefore, is to help materials engineers identify those applications and to provide data to support the use of stainless steels in the hightemperature, corrosive environments that may be encountered. The refining process petroleum refinery equipment for. Making crude oil usefulfractional distillation and cracking. Reforming article about reforming by the free dictionary. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled. Cracking breaks long chains into short ones there are several types of cracking.
Cracking, as the name suggests, is a process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller and more useful ones, for example. Petroleum refining process petroleum refinery equipment for. What are the differences between reforming and cracking in. The refining industry supplies several widely used everyday products including petroleum gas. A wide variety of cracking catalyst options are available to you, there are 474 suppliers who sells cracking catalyst on, mainly located in asia. The refining of crude oil requires separation, distillation, reforming, cracking and related processes to resolve the mixture of components into products.
Petroleum refining petroleum refining catalytic cracking. Refined petroleum products rpp are derived from crude oils through processes such as catalytic cracking and fractional distillation. Up to date refining schemes including the production of petrochemical intermediate products. An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The word petroleum is composed of two latin words petra means rock and oleum means oil. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. Petroleum refining, conversion of crude oil into useful products, including fuel oils, gasoline. As secret cocktail of chemicals is used to force the oil out, although operating deeper than the water table some are concerned about the eventual poisoning of out water supply from these chemicals, some people living near fracking operations have well water they can light on fire. The thermal reforming and polymerization processes that were developed. Difference between catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming.
Begins with distillation, or fractionation of crude oils into different hydrocarbon groups. Catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming are two processes used in the conversion of crude oil into useful products. These are treated in several ways including cracking, isomerisation and reforming. Hydrocarbons in the naphtha stream have roughly the same number of carbon atoms as those in gasoline, but their structure is generally more complex. Gasoline manufactured by the cracking process performed better in. Compared to thermal cracking, catalytic cracking occurs at lower temperatures and pressures, is more selective and flexible, and incorporates a catalyst. Many refining processes are needed to convert primary oil that cannot be directly used into petroleum products more suitable for consumption. Catalytic reforming catalytic reforming is a chemical process used in petroleum refineries to convert naphthas, typically having low octane ratings, into highoctane liquid products called reformateswhich are components of highoctane gasoline also known as petrol. The petroleum and coal products industry represents a significant target for improving energy efficiency. During wwii, the allied forces had plentiful supplies of the materials in contrast to the axis forces. So, in petroleum industry, the cracking of less useful high boiling fractions is done to increase the yield of low boiling lower molecular mass fractions, such as gasoline. While they succeeded in providing a small increase in gasoline yields, it was the commercialization of the fluid catalytic cracking process in.
Nov 14, 2015 cracking, also referred to as pyrolysis, is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes and an alkane. The petroleum and other liquids data sheet illustrates the break down how the produced crude oil and petroleum products are used for energy consumption per thousand barrels of distillate liquid. The refinery also could supply several feedstocks for a present day petrochemical plant and base stocks for lubricating oil production. There are too many larger hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes and no alkenes for polymer production. Cracking furnaces for ethylene production linde us engineering. Fluid catalytic cracking fcc is the most important conversion process used in petroleum refineries. Products include butane and lighter material, naphtha for reforming, turbine and diesel fuel, gas oil for cat cracking, and fuel grade petroleum coke. Life cycle assessment of petroleum refining process. The british petroleum company employs the platforming process at many of its refineries, and by skilled operation and the use of a new catalyst it has demonstrated how standard equipment operates economically at high severity.
Petroleumrefining of petroleumknockingoctane number. Impacts of the evolution of market demand and the quality of the products on manufacturing patterns. Fluid catalytic cracking fcc is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries. Most distillation products are further converted into more usable products by changing the size and structure of the hydrocarbon molecules through cracking, reforming, and other conversion processes. The cracked products are quenched with gas oil and flashed. The main scope of the course is to create strong basis and fundamentals regarding the processes in the petroleum refining.
The products of cracking include alkanes and alkenes, members of a different homologous series. The last difference between hydrocracking and catalytic cracking is the products which they produce. Petroleum refining begins with the distillation, or fractionation, of crude oils into separate hydrocarbon groups. Lpg is manufactured at the refineries by separation of the above mentioned gases from the main refinery gases produced from distillation, thermal catalytic cracking, reforming and hydrocracking processes. S energy bandwidth for petroleum refining processes 1. Catalytic reforming an overview sciencedirect topics. Used in the oil and gas industry to refer to a variety of methods whereby a larger product is broken down into smaller by products. Isomerization and reforming processes are applied to rearrange the structure of. After the various hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller ones, the products are separated by another fractionation column. Petroleum is a dark brown, thick and viscous liquid which occurs below the earths surface. It has equipment operating from 100 k to 1400 k and near vacuum to 100 atm.
Thermal refinery processes, thermal cracking, thermal reforming, and thermal polymerization enabled the expansion of gasoline supply 3. This training course is designed to provide you with a complete understanding of the crude oil refining industry and breaks down for you all the major refining processes into easily digestible concepts using extensive graphics, process layouts and various manufacturing schemes you will first get a quick overview of the petroleum industry. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and different compounds of sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen in small amounts. Photo courtesy phillips petroleum company catalysts used in catalytic cracking or reforming. Developed by standard oil of indiana, now a part of the british. Consumption of fuel oil is very high, whereas american industry has available large supplies of natural gas. Both processes are used in the refining of petroleum to break down hydrocarbon molecul. Petroleum also called crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in a liquid state, which may also include compounds of sulfur nitrogen oxygen metals and other elements astm, 2002. The main difference between thermal cracking and catalytic cracking is that thermal cracking uses heat energy for the breakdown of compounds whereas catalytic cracking involves a catalyst to obtain products. Cracking of petroleum yields light oils corresponding to gasoline, middlerange oils used in diesel fuel, residual heavy oils, a solid carbonaceous product known as coke, and such gases as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, and butylene. Reforming involves the conversion of open chain hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes in the presence of a catalyst to aromatic hydrocarbons. Petroleum products are refined from crude oils through a variety of refining processes including distillation, cracking, catalytic reforming, isomerization, alkylation, and blending olah and molnar, 1995. Sometimes small hydrocarbon molecules need to be combined into larger ones a process known as association.
The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. The major unification process is called catalytic reforming and uses a catalyst platinum, platinumrhenium mix to combine low weight naphtha into aromatics, which are used in making chemicals and in blending gasoline. The resultant products are directly related to the characteristics of the crude oil being processed. Nov 21, 2016 cracking and reforming of petroleum how to increase octane number of gasoline. The products of catalytic cracking can be described using the acronym piano, to represent the paraffins, isoparaffins, aromatics, naphthenes, and olefins produced in.
Petroleum refining a typical modern petroleum refinery for the primary purpose of producing a complete range of domestic and industrial fuels is illustrated by a block diagram in figure 1. It is widely used to convert the highboiling, highmolecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils into more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases, and other products. These techniques include fractionation, cracking, hydrotreating, combinationblending processes, and manufacturing and transport. Depending on the end product, the oils can go directly into fuel blending, or they can be routed through further cracking reactions or other refining processes until they have produced oils of the desired weight.
Methane steam reforming an overview sciencedirect topics. Natural gas, reforming, product of oil refinery, petroleum principle form. According to the supply data the us produces approximately 11,000 barrels of crude oil and petroleum products per day while importing 9,240 barrels per. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby. Catalytic reforming of naphtha replaced the earlier thermal reforming process and. In most catalytic reforming processes, platinum is the active catalyst. Decrease in the sulfur content in the liquid products du ring steam cracking of hof. In bps prediction, oil will continue to take an import part in the global energy system for decades to come. All but the hydrocracking reaction releases hydrogen which can be used in the. Fortunately, we have much more of the larger fractions than are needed.
Cracking why is crude oil important as a source of new. Catalytic uses a catalyst to speed up the cracking reaction. In terms of demand for petroleum products europe differs from america in one vital respect. Oil products are widely used as fuel and raw materials for petrochemical industry. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees api. Pdf catalytic steam cracking of heavy oil feedstocks. Distillation isomerization alkylation reforming hydrofining fluid catalytic cracking asphalts lubricating oils and more 4. Catalytic cracking an overview sciencedirect topics. Most of these products of distillation are further converted into more useable products by changing their physical and molecular structures through cracking, reforming and other. The american petroleum institute, a trade association. High octane reformation products produced from naphthas are used on their own in various industries or as additives in high octane products like gasoline.
Catalytic reforming is a petroleum refinery process in which low octane distillation products known as naphthas are chemically converted into high octane reformates. Petroleum refining has been around since the 1850s, when a single pot batch distillation was first done to produce kerosene as the major product, and since then it has evolved in many ways into an integrated, complex process that we use today to produce a vast amount of products and fuels. The use of thermal cracking units to convert gas oils into naphtha dates from before 1920. Selas supplies the highest capacity ethylene furnaces available in this industry. Long chain hydrocarbon can crack and reform to short chain, so fuel oil can crack to gas, petrol or diesel.
Light cycle oil production from catalytic cracking units will be increased by. Depending on the end product, the oils can go directly into fuel blending, or they can be routed through further cracking reactions or other refining processes until. Growth of platinum reforming in western europe johnson. The main combined process is called catalytic reforming. A significant byproduct of this reaction is hydrogen gas, which is then either used for hydrocracking or sold. Organic reactions can be classified into the following groups cracking, reforming,combustion,addition,hydrogenation,substitution,elimination,condensation,addition polymerization, and condensation polymerization. What is thermal cracking definition, mechanism, and examples 2. Therefore, cracking and reforming reactions help balance the supply and demand for crude oil fractions. The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta1,3diene and c 4 alkenes, are used to make many important chemicals.
Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery, naphthas, typically having low octane ratings, into highoctane liquid products called reformates are components of highoctane gasoline also known as highoctane petrol. Simply put, cracking hydrocarbons is when you separate long chain hydrocarbons into short ones. Small amounts of rhenium, chlorine, and fluorine act as catalyst promoters. Primary stocks include crude oil or petroleum products held in storage at or in leases, refineries, natural gas processing plants, pipelines, tank farms, and bulk terminals that can store at least 50,000 barrels of petroleum products or that can receive petroleum products by tanker, barge, or pipeline. Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel. See basic discussion for the need of cracking see cracking a problem of supply and demand, other products. In the same way, naphtha and paraffin also can crack and reform to gas or petrol. This page looks briefly at some of the basic processes in the petrochemical industry cracking, isomerisation and reforming as examples of important catalytic reactions. Pdf simulation and modeling of catalytic reforming process.
To solve this supply anddemand problem, we use a process called catalytic cracking to break the long chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful, hydrocarbons. The top countries of suppliers are india, china, from which the percentage of cracking catalyst supply is 1%, 94% respectively. What is the difference between catalytic cracking and. Other processes for production of petroleum products. Us78307a us20038917a us78307a us 78307 a us78307 a us 78307a us 20038917 a us20038917 a us 20038917a us 78307 a us78307 a us 78307a authority us united states prior art keywords oil coil coils cracking burner prior art date 19171105 legal status the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Natural gas petroleum industries cracking chemistry. A wide assortment of processes and equipment not directly involved in the refining of crude oil is. Main difference catalytic cracking vs catalytic reforming. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction obtained from the distillation of crude oil to enhance the octane rating. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil typically having low octane ratings into highoctane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for highoctane gasoline. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1 259 31 liquefied petroleum gas c3 c4 42 1 44 31 naphtha c5 c17 36 302 97 575 gasoline c4 c12 1 216 31 421. This is the first and most basic step in the refining process, and is the precursor to cracking and reforming.
Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and lpg, while hydrocracking is a major source. Petroleum refineries transform crude oil into a wide range of refined petroleum products e. In fact, we cannot meet this demand through the products of fractional distillation alone. Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals. The applications for stainless steels in petroleum refining are many and varied. Reforming an industrial process for refining the gasoline.
Thus the various fractions obtained from the distillation of crude oil and the. The demand for these products outstrips that obtained during refining of the petroleum. Cracking is the process of breaking higher hydrocarbons into lower hydrocarbons. Most of these products of distillation are further converted into more useable products by changing their physical and molecular structures through cracking, reforming and other conversion processes. Cracking is breaking up of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil typically having low octane ratings into highoctane liq uid product s called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for highoctan e gasoli ne. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery. American petroleum institute measure of specific gravity of crude oil or condensate in degrees.
In spite of the high cost of platinum, the process is economical because of the long life. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or longchain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carboncarbon bonds in the precursors. The process involves reforming natural gas in a continuous catalytic process in which the major reaction is the formation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen from methane and steam. Reforming is a process designed to increase the volume of gasoline that can be produced from a barrel of crude oil. There are a number of differences between thermal and catalytic cracking, but the main ones are the variation in temperature and pressure used in the processes. Catalytic cracking is the breakdown of large hydrocarbon compounds into small hydrocarbon molecules with the use of moderate temperatures and pressures in the presence of catalysts. These units produced small quantities of unstable naphthas and large amounts of byproduct coke. An alkene is a hydrocarbon that contains a carboncarbon double bond.
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